Heart rate variability in normal weight and overweight patients with controlled hypertension: Heart rate in  patients with controlled hypertension

Mustafa Ozan  Çakır

doi:10.5281/zenodo.10031873

Authors

Mustafa Ozan Çakır Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Zonguldak, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-1928

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10031873

Keywords:

Heart rate, hypertension, obesity

Abstract

Objective: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive marker used to predict cardiac autonomic modulation. Obesity and hypertension are two separate clinical conditions that can affect HRV. This study examined HRV in normal weight and overweight patients with controlled hypertension.

Methods: The study included patients who had hypertension under control with medical treatment. All patients underwent ambulatory electrocardiography. It analyzed the standard deviation of all normal to normal RR intervals (SDNN), one of the HRV time domain indices. It further measured the body weight and height of each patient. The patients were divided into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI): normal weight and overweight. The patient groups were examined to determine whether there was a difference between the groups in terms of the SDNN parameter.

Results: The mean age of 54 patients participating in the study was 77.5 (51-89). The mean SDNN of the patients was 111.4±41.2. The mean SDNN of the normal BMI group was 110.7±39.1 and 112.5±44.8 in the overweight group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.876).

Conclusion: Hypertension and obesity together can affect HRV. Obesity does not affect HRV in the patient group with controlled hypertension. Although hypertension caused a decrease in SDNN values, obesity did not cause a further reduction in these values.

References

Aydoğdu S, Güler K, Bayram F, Altun B, Derici Ü, Abacı A, et al. Türk Hipertansiyon Uzlaşı Raporu 2019. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2019;47:535-46.

Poznyak AV, Sadykhov NK, Kartuesov AG, Borisov EE, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV, et al. Hypertension as a risk factor for atherosclerosis: Cardiovascular risk assessment. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:959285.

Pinhas-Hamiel O, Hamiel U, Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Twig G, Cukierman-Yaffe T. The Global Spread of Severe Obesity in Toddlers, Children, and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Facts. 2022;15:118-34.

Charles H, Hennekens MD. Increasing Burden of Cardio-vascular Disease Current Knowledge and Future Firections for Research on Rise Factors. Circulation. 1998;97:1095- 102.

McGee JE, Early KS, Huff AC, Clunan MC, Hursey NR, Osborne B, et al. Effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance on cardiac autonomic function in obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2023;48:678-91.

Phoemsapthawee J, Prasertsri P, Leelayuwat N. Heart rate variability responses to a combined exercise training program: correlation with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness changes in obese young men. J Exerc Rehabil. 2019;15:114-22.

Mattos S, Rabello da Cunha M, Barreto Silva MI, Serfaty F, Tarvainen MP, Klein MRST, et al. Effects of weight loss through lifestyle changes on heart rate variability in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:2577-86.

Sinha MK, Vaishali K, Arun MG, Shivasgankar KN, Shashikiran U, Ravi Shankar N. Association of physical activity and heart rate variability in people with overweight and obesity: A systematic review. F1000Res. 2023;12:156.

Malik M. Heart rate variability. Curr Opinion Cardiology. 1998;13:36-44.

Malik M, Wichterle D, Schmidt G. Heart rate turbulence. G Ital Cardiol. 1999;29:65-9.

Williams S, Raheim SA, Khan MI, Rubab U, Kanagala P, Zhao SS, et al. Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Clin Ther. 2022;44:1394-416.

Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT. Heart rate variability: Measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2005;10:88-101.

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996;93:1043-65.

Kim HC, Lee H, Lee HH, Lee G, Kim E, Song M, et al. Korea hypertension fact sheet 2022: analysis of nationwide population-based data with a special focus on hypertension in elderly individuals. Clin Hypertens. 2023;29:22.

Maciorowska M, Krzesiński P, Wierzbowski R, Uziębło-Życzkowska B, Gielerak G. Associations between Heart Rate Variability Parameters and Hemodynamic Profiles in Patients with Primary Arterial Hypertension, Including Antihypertensive Treatment Effects. J Clin Med. 2022;11:3767.

Yugar LBT, Yugar-Toledo JC, Dinamarco N, Sedenho-Prado LG, Moreno BVD, Rubio TA, et al. The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13:785.

Abate M, Di Iorio A, Pini B, Battaglini C, Di Nicola I, Foschini N, et al. Effects of hypertension on balance assessed by computerized posturography in elderly individuals. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49:113–7.

Huikuri HV, Ylitalo A, Pikkujamsa SM, Ikaheimo MJ, Airaksinen KE, Rantala AO, et al. Heart rate variability in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:1073-7.

Guzzetti S, Dassi S, Pecis M, Casati R, Masu AM, Longoni P, et al. Altered pattern of circadian neural controle of heart period in mild hypertension. J Hypertens. 1991;9:831-8.

Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Castillo-García A, Lieberman DE, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Obesity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20:475-94.

Çakır AT, Sucu S. Obezite ve Tipinin Endometrial Kalınlık ve Endometrial Patolojiler ile İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4:253-9.

Lopez-Jimenez F, Almahmeed W, Bays H, Cuevas A, Di Angelantonio E, le Roux CW, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: mechanistic insights and management strategies. A joint position paper by the World Heart Federation and World Obesity Federation. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:2218-37.

Campos JO, Barros MAV, Oliveira TLPSA, Nobre IG, de Morais AS, Santos MAM, et al. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in school age children with overweight and obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32:2410-7.

Limberg JK, Soares RN, Padilla J. Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Hemodynamic Response to Hyperinsulinemia-Implications for Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2022;22:169-75.

Pal G, Dutta T, Indumathy J, Pal P. Assessment of heart rate variability indices in overweight and obese Indian population. Int J Clin Exp Physiol. 2014;1:192.

Chintala KK, Krishna BH, Reddy NM. Heart rate variability in overweight health care students: correlation with visceral fat. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:CC06-8.

Poirier P, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, Shepard TJ, Eckel RH. Impact of diet-induced weight loss on the cardiac autonomic nervous system in severe obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11:1040-7.

Tutor AW, Lavie CJ, Kachur S, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Updates on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;78:2-10.